Semnan University Press Applied Chemistry Today 2981-2437 20 77 2026 01 21 Investigating the Removal of Toluene from Textile Industrial Wastewater Using Integrated Advanced Oxidation-Based Fenton and Ultrasound Process Investigating the Removal of Toluene from Textile Industrial Wastewater Using Integrated Advanced Oxidation-Based Fenton and Ultrasound Process 93 104 10296 10.22075/chem.2025.38598.2382 FA Milad Abniki Department of Resins and Additives, Institute for Color Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-0146-0127 Zahra Rahmani Department of Resins and Additives, Institute for Color Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran 0000-0001-7809-7330 Nargess Yousefi-Limaee Department of Environmental Research, Institute for Color Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran 0000-0003-0238-6907 Behzad Shirkavand Hadavand Department of Resin and Additives, Institute for Color Science and Technology, 1668814811, Tehran, Iran 0000-0001-7809-7330 Journal Article 2025 08 08 The manufactured wastewater of textiles contains perilous solvents like methyl isobutyl ketone, methanol, methyl ethyl ketone, xylene, and toluene. These hazardous volatile organic compounds, like as toluene, pose significant risks to human health and aquatic ecosystems. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are promising for their degradation due to the generation of highly reactive hydroxyl radicals. The purpose of this study was to use a combined Fenton-ultrasound AOP to maximize the removal of toluene from both synthetic and actual textile effluent. The impact of H2O2 concentration (50–200 mg/L), Fe2+ dose (10–25 mg/L), beginning toluene concentration (10–70 mg/L), pH (3–7), and ultrasonic frequency (0 or 35 kHz) on removal efficiency over 30 min at 25 °C was assessed using batch tests. Headspace-gas chromatography was used to measure the amounts of toluene.100 mg/L H2O2, 10 mg/L Fe²⁺, 10 mg/L toluene, and pH 3 were the ideal circumstances. With combined Fenton-ultrasound, the highest removal effectiveness was 89.7%, as opposed to 86.2% for Fenton alone and 6% for ultrasound alone. Due to interference from co-pollutants, including xylene and benzene, 72.3% clearance was attained for actual textile wastewater under these circumstances. For the remediation of toluene in industrial effluents, this integrated method exhibits exceptional efficiency and cost-effectiveness, providing a scalable option for the treatment of wastewater from refineries and textiles. The manufactured wastewater of textiles contains perilous solvents like methyl isobutyl ketone, methanol, methyl ethyl ketone, xylene, and toluene. These hazardous volatile organic compounds, like as toluene, pose significant risks to human health and aquatic ecosystems. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are promising for their degradation due to the generation of highly reactive hydroxyl radicals. The purpose of this study was to use a combined Fenton-ultrasound AOP to maximize the removal of toluene from both synthetic and actual textile effluent. The impact of H2O2 concentration (50–200 mg/L), Fe2+ dose (10–25 mg/L), beginning toluene concentration (10–70 mg/L), pH (3–7), and ultrasonic frequency (0 or 35 kHz) on removal efficiency over 30 min at 25 °C was assessed using batch tests. Headspace-gas chromatography was used to measure the amounts of toluene.100 mg/L H2O2, 10 mg/L Fe²⁺, 10 mg/L toluene, and pH 3 were the ideal circumstances. With combined Fenton-ultrasound, the highest removal effectiveness was 89.7%, as opposed to 86.2% for Fenton alone and 6% for ultrasound alone. Due to interference from co-pollutants, including xylene and benzene, 72.3% clearance was attained for actual textile wastewater under these circumstances. For the remediation of toluene in industrial effluents, this integrated method exhibits exceptional efficiency and cost-effectiveness, providing a scalable option for the treatment of wastewater from refineries and textiles. https://chemistry.semnan.ac.ir/article_10296_6439f1811e3c2d3f8870ea979b91a5a3.pdf