Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Activities of Eugenol-Based Derivatives: DFT Analysis and Drug Delivery Applications

Hussein, Zaynab; Abdulkareem, Hawraa; Awad, Sana; Al-Sarray, Ali

doi:10.22075/chem.2026.42249.2490

Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Activities of Eugenol-Based Derivatives: DFT Analysis and Drug Delivery Applications

Articles in Press

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Zaynab Hussein ¹

Hawraa Abdulkareem ¹

Sana Awad ¹

Ali Al-Sarray ²

¹ Department of Chemistry, College of Science for Women, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq

² Polymer Research Unit, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq

10.22075/chem.2026.42249.2490

Abstract

Eugenol is a compound containing a benzene ring, which in turn contains a hydroxyl group; it is a phenolic compound found in nature, including clove oil. Therefore, it has biological and chemical importance and is readily soluble in organic solvents, though it is slightly soluble in water. This study resulted in the preparation of eugenol-related compounds through esterification. Eugenol reacted with several different pharmaceutical compounds, including trimethoprim, procaine, ampicillin, and sulfamethoxazole, imparting biological activity to them through the active groups present in these substances. The prepared compounds were characterized using spectroscopy, FT-IR, ¹H-NMR, GC-MS, and thermal analysis. Their activity against fungi and Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria was investigated, yielding good and acceptable results. Physiological studies showed that the pharmacokinetics of the drugs are temperature and pH-dependent. Density functional theory (DFT) demonstrated that the HOMO-LUMO bond of the sulfamethoxazole derivative at (2.667 eV) enhances pH-sensitive hydrolysis and reaction. Therefore, computational modeling suggests that the prepared compounds exhibit good anti-microbial and oxidative stress-relieving pharmacological activity.

Keywords

Eugenol compound

pharmaceutical compound

pH-dependent

DFT

stress-relieving

Subjects