Synthesis and characterization of cobalt doped zinc oxide nanoparticles by microwave method and its application as catalyst for biodiesel production from soybean oil

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran

2 Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran

Abstract

Today, biodiesel is being produced and consumed around the world as one of the main sources for replacing fossil fuels. In current research, cobalt doped zinc oxide was used as nanocatalyst to produce biodiesel from soybean oil by transesterification reaction. The nanocatalysts used were first prepared by microwave method and identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and x-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). In the next step, the prepared catalysts were used in the reaction of biodiesel production from soybean oil. The produced biodiesel was characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Optimal reaction conditions of biodiesel production with cobalt doped zinc oxide nanocatalyst obtained, at 3 h, temperature 60 ˚C, catalyst concentration 3% by weight, and molar ratio of oil to methanol 1 to 41 resulted in 98% efficiency. In another part of this research, microwave radiation with a power of 250 W was used as a source of energy in the biodiesel production reaction which in the presence of 4% by weight of catalyst and molar ratio of oil to methanol 1 to 20 resulted in 91% efficiency in 180 s.

Keywords

Main Subjects

This is an open access article under the CC-BY-SA 4.0 license.( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)

References

[1] Ramadhas, A. S., Jayaraj, S., & Muraleedharan, C. (2005). Biodiesel production from high FFA rubber seed oil. Fuel, 84(4), 335-340.
[2] Alamu, O. J., Akintola, T. A., Enweremadu, C. C., & Adeleke, A. E. (2008). Characterization of palm-kernel oil biodiesel produced through NaOH-catalysed transesterification process. Scientific Research and Essay, 3(7), 308-311.
[3] Encinar, J. M., González, J. F., Martínez, G., Sánchez, N., & Pardal, A. (2012). Soybean oil transesterification by the use of a microwave flow system. Fuel, 95, 386-393.
[4] Suppes, G. J., Dasari, M. A., Doskocil, E. J., Mankidy, P. J., & Goff, M. J. (2004). Transesterification of soybean oil with zeolite and metal catalysts. Applied Catalysis A: General, 257(2), 213-223.
[5] Farzaneh, F., Moghzi, F., & Rashtizadeh, E. (2016). Zn (II) coordination polymer as a bifunctional catalyst for biodiesel production from soybean oil. Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis, 118, 509-521.
[6] Belyani, S., Behzad, M., & Tamaddon, F. (2013). Synthesis of biodiesel using KOH/Borax as suitable mixed catalyst via transesterification of waste sesame oil. Applied Chemistry, 8(29), 15-18.
[7] Xie, W., Peng, H., & Chen, L. (2006). Calcined Mg–Al hydrotalcites as solid base catalysts for methanolysis of soybean oil. Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, 246(1-2), 24-32.
[8] Kazemi, E., & Aghaei, H. (2022). Immobilization of lipase on Na-montmorillonite and modified montmorillonite: Investigation of biocatalytic activity of immobilized lipases in biodiesel production from waste cooking oil. Applied Chemistry, 17(63), 9-22.
[9] Kulkarni, M. G., & Dalai, A. K. (2006). Waste cooking oil an economical source for biodiesel: a review. Industrial & engineering chemistry research, 45(9), 2901-2913.
[10] Norjannah, B., Ong, H. C., Masjuki, H. H., Juan, J. C., & Chong, W. T. (2016). Enzymatic transesterification for biodiesel production: a comprehensive review. RSC advances, 6(65), 60034-60055.
[11] Yoo, S. J., Lee, H. S., Veriansyah, B., Kim, J., Kim, J. D., & Lee, Y. W. (2010). Synthesis of biodiesel from rapeseed oil using supercritical methanol with metal oxide catalysts. Bioresource technology, 101(22), 8686-8689.
[12] Dorado, M. P., Ballesteros, E., Mittelbach, M., & López, F. J. (2004). Kinetic parameters affecting the alkali-catalyzed transesterification process of used olive oil. Energy & Fuels, 18(5), 1457-1462. [13] Baskar, G., & Soumiya, S. (2016). Production of biodiesel from castor oil using iron (II) doped zinc oxide nanocatalyst. Renewable Energy, 98, 101-107.
[14]‏ Glaspell, G., Dutta, P., & Manivannan, A. (2005). A room-temperature and microwave synthesis of M-doped ZnO (M= Co, Cr, Fe, Mn & Ni). Journal of cluster science, 16, 523-536.
[15] Baskar, G., Gurugulladevi, A., Nishanthini, T., Aiswarya, R., & Tamilarasan, K. J. R. E. (2017). Optimization and kinetics of biodiesel production from Mahua oil using manganese doped zinc oxide nanocatalyst. Renewable energy, 103, 641-646.
[16] Jacob, J., Chia, L. H. L., & Boey, F. Y. C. (1995). Thermal and non-thermal interaction of microwave radiation with materials. Journal of materials science, 30, 5321-5327.
[17] Kappe, C. O. (2008). Microwave dielectric heating in synthetic organic chemistry. Chemical Society Reviews, 37(6), 1127-1139.
[18] Kołodziejczak-Radzimska, A., & Jesionowski, T. (2014). Zinc oxide—from synthesis to application: a review. Materials, 7(4), 2833-2881.
[19] Yan, S., Salley, S. O., & Ng, K. S. (2009). Simultaneous transesterification and esterification of unrefined or waste oils over ZnO-La2O3 catalysts. Applied Catalysis A: General, 353(2), 203-212.
[20] Zhang, H., Li, H., Hu, Y., Rao, K. T. V., Xu, C. C., & Yang, S. (2019). Advances in production of bio-based ester fuels with heterogeneous bifunctional catalysts. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 114, 109296.
[21] Baskar, G., Selvakumari, I. A. E., & Aiswarya, R. J. B. T. (2018). Biodiesel production from castor oil using heterogeneous Ni doped ZnO nanocatalyst. Bioresource technology, 250, 793-798.
[22] Ghaffari Nazifi, A., & Behzad, M. (2019). Kanemite from rice husk ash as an efficient, cheap and recoverable base catalyst for production of biodiesel. Applied Chemistry, 14(50), 155-166.
[23] Yang, Z., & Xie, W. (2007). Soybean oil transesterification over zinc oxide modified with alkali earth metals. Fuel processing technology, 88(6), 631-638.
[24] Weisz, P. B., Haag, W. O., & Rodewald, P. G. (1979). Catalytic production of high-grade fuel (gasoline) from biomass compounds by shape-selective catalysis. Science, 206(4414), 57-58.
[25] Azcan, N., & Danisman, A. (2007). Alkali catalyzed transesterification of cottonseed oil by microwave irradiation. Fuel, 86(17-18), 2639-2644.
[26] Ramos, M. J., Casas, A., Rodríguez, L., Romero, R., & Perez, A. (2008). Transesterification of sunflower oil over zeolites using different metal loading: A case of leaching and agglomeration studies. Applied Catalysis A: General, 346(1-2), 79-85.
[27] Encinar, J. M., González, J. F., Martínez, G., Sánchez, N., & Pardal, A. (2012). Soybean oil transesterification by the use of a microwave flow system. Fuel, 95, 386-393.
[28] Albuquerque, M. C., Jiménez-Urbistondo, I., Santamaría-González, J., Mérida-Robles, J. M., Moreno-Tost, R., Rodríguez-Castellón, E., & Maireles-Torres, P. (2008). CaO supported on mesoporous silicas as basic catalysts for transesterification reactions. Applied Catalysis A: General, 334(1-2), 35-43.
Applied Chemistry Today
Volume 18, Issue 66
April 2023
Pages 27-44

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics