Designing a technique for the induction movement of nanoparticles for the extraction and measurement of cadmium (II), mercury (III), and lead (II) in environmental samples using alumina modified with chitosan.

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hormozgan, Bandar-Abbas, Iran

Abstract

Contamination of water environments with heavy metals and dyes as a result of industrial wastewater discharge is one of the most serious environmental problems. In this research, nano-alumina coated with chitosan was used to remove heavy metal cations of cadmium (II), mercury (III), and lead (II) from water and industrial wastewater samples. The dynamic method was used to remove the pollutants and the effect of the sample, the flow rates of the samples and absorbent detergent, and the type of absorbent detergent for recovery were studied. Since alumina nanoparticles are considered one of the most important pollutant absorbers, the placement of chitosan on its surface increases efficiency due to the formation of a complex with metal ions. In this research, alumina nanoparticles modified with chitosan, which are non-magnetic adsorbents, have been used, and when placed in a strong high-frequency magnetic field, they instantly become magnetic and return to their original state. With this action, in industrial application, the wastage of nano adsorbent is prevented and high efficiency is obtained. Synthetic nanoparticles were examined by SEM, FTIR, and XRD methods. The maximum absorption of pollutants at pH = 6, amount of adsorbent 0.03 g, speed of passing the solution through the column 5 ml/min, nitric acid 2 M as eluent, solution volume 150 mL as the optimal volume for pre-concentration and flow rate 4 ml/min for The detergent was obtained. The adsorption capacity of nano alumina modified with chitosan for cadmium, mercury, and lead ions was obtained as 4.91, 4.73, and 4.15 mg/g, respectively. In this project, a flame atomic absorption spectrometer was used to measure the number of metal ions before and after the removal process. The obtained data showed that the proposed method successfully removes target heavy metals in industrial wastewater samples.

Keywords

Main Subjects


This is an open access article under the CC-BY-SA 4.0 license.( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)

[1] Qin, G., Niu, Z., Yu, J., Li, Z., Ma, J., & Xiang, P. (2021). Soil heavy metal pollution and food safety in China: Effects, sources and removing technology. Chemosphere, 267(1), 129205-129210.
[2] Hu, T., Chen, R., Wang, Q., He, C., & Liu, S. (2021). Recent advances and applications of molecularly imprinted polymers in solid‐phase extraction for real sample analysis. Journal of Separation Science, 44(1), 274-309..
[3] Ashrafi, M., Bagherian, G., Arab Chamjangali, M., & Goudarzi, N. (2018). Removal of brilliant green and crystal violet from mono-and bi-component aqueous solutions using NaOH-modified walnut shell. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry Research, 5(1), 95-114.
[4] Safinejad, A., Goudarzi, N., Chamjangali, M. A., & Bagherian, G. (2017). Effective simultaneous removal of Pb (II) and Cd (II) ions by a new magnetic zeolite prepared from stem sweep. Materials Research Express, 4(11), 116104.
[5] Mehmandost, N., Goudarzi, N., Arab Chamjangali, M., & Bagherian, G. (2022). Removal of methylene blue and crystal violet in binary aqueous solution by magnetic Terminalia catappa kernel shell biosorbent using Box–Behnken design. Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society, 19(9), 3769-3781.
[6] Mehmandost, N., Goudarzi, N., Chamjangali, M. A., & Bagherian, G. (2022). Application of random forest for modeling batch and continuous fixed-bed removal of crystal violet from aqueous solutions using Gypsophila aretioides stem-based biosorbent. Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, 265, 120292.
[7] Augusto, F., Hantao, L. W., Mogollón, N. G., & Braga, S. C. (2013). New materials and trends in sorbents for solid-phase extraction. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 43, 14-23.
[8] Kou, S. G., Peters, L. M., & Mucalo, M. R. (2021). Chitosan: A review of sources and preparation methods. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 169, 85-94.
[9] Yao, S., Liu, Z., & Shi, Z. (2014). Arsenic removal from aqueous solutions by adsorption onto iron oxide/activated carbon magnetic composite. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 12, 1-8.
[10] Srivastava, V., Weng, C. H., Singh, V. K., & Sharma, Y. C. (2011). Adsorption of nickel ions from aqueous solutions by nano alumina: kinetic, mass transfer, and equilibrium studies. Journal of chemical & engineering data, 56(4), 1414-1422.
[11] Rahimizadeh, Z., Hamidian, A. H., Hosseini, S. V., (2017). Removing Heavy Metals from Aqueous Solutions Using Chitosan – Clay Nanocomposites. Journal of Natural Environment. 69(3), 669-679. (In Persian)
[12] S. Zavareh, S. Parvizi, (2016). A nanoadsorbent based on Cu(II)- modified chitosan for removal of phosphate from natural water, 1st Iranian applied chemistry seminar, University of Tabriz. Iran.
[13] Rouniasi, N., Monavari, S. M., Abdoli, M. A., Baghdadi, M., & Karbasi, A. (2018). Removal of heavy metals of cadmium and lead from aqueous solutions using graphene oxide nanosheets process optimization by response surface methodology. Iranian Journal of Health and Environment, 11(2), 197-214.
[14] Ramutshatsha-Makhwedzha, D., Mbaya, R., & Mavhungu, M. L. (2022). Application of activated carbon banana peel coated with Al2O3-chitosan for the adsorptive removal of lead and cadmium from wastewater. Materials, 15(3), 860.
[15] Moussout, H., Aazza, M., & Ahlafi, H. (2020). Thermal degradation characteristics of chitin, chitosan, Al2O3/chitosan, and benonite/chitosan nanocomposites. In Handbook of Chitin and Chitosan (pp. 139-174). Elsevier.
[16] Mazzieri, V., Coloma-Pascual, F., Arcoya, A., L’Argentière, P. C., & Fıgoli, N. S. (2003). XPS, FTIR and TPR characterization of Ru/Al2O3 catalysts. Applied Surface Science, 210(3-4), 222-230. [17] Pawlak, A., & Mucha, M. (2003). Thermogravimetric and FTIR studies of chitosan blends. Thermochimica acta, 396(1-2), 153-166.
[18] Li, L., Iqbal, J., Zhu, Y., Wang, F., Zhang, F., Chen, W., ... & Du, Y. (2020). Chitosan/Al2O3-HA nanocomposite beads for efficient removal of estradiol and chrysoidin from aqueous solution. International journal of biological macromolecules, 145, 686-693.
[19] Shete, A. S., Yadav, V. B., Sakhare, S. S., Patil, S. B., Sajane, S. J., Yadav, A. V., & Doijad, R. C. (2015). Enhancement of solubility and dissolution rate of indomethacin by chitosan based solid dispersion technique. Journal of Current Pharma Research, 5(2), 1463.
[20] Tanhaei, B., Ayati, A., Lahtinen, M., & Sillanpää, M. (2015). Preparation and characterization of a novel chitosan/Al2O3/magnetite nanoparticles composite adsorbent for kinetic, thermodynamic and isotherm studies of Methyl Orange adsorption. Chemical Engineering Journal, 259, 1-10.
[21] Yahya, M. Z. A., Harun, M. K., Ali, A. M. M., Mohammat, M. F., Hanafiah, M. A. K. M., Ibrahim, S. C., ... & Latif, F. (2006). XRD and surface morphology studies on chitosan-based film electrolytes. Journal of applied sciences, 6(15), 3150-3154.
[22] Shang, Z., Zhang, L., Zhao, X., Liu, S., & Li, D. (2019). Removal of Pb (II), Cd (II) and Hg (II) from aqueous solution by mercapto-modified coal gangue. Journal of environmental management, 231, 391-396.
[23] Fu, W., & Huang, Z. (2018). Magnetic dithiocarbamate functionalized reduced graphene oxide for the removal of Cu (II), Cd (II), Pb (II), and Hg (II) ions from aqueous solution: Synthesis, adsorption, and regeneration. Chemosphere, 209, 449-456.
[24] Denizli, A., Özkan, G., & Arica, M. Y. (2000). Preparation and characterization of magnetic polymethylmethacrylate microbeads carrying ethylene diamine for removal of Cu (II), Cd (II), Pb (II), and Hg (II) from aqueous solutions. Journal of applied polymer science, 78(1), 81-89.
[25] Henriques, B., Rocha, L. S., Lopes, C. B., Figueira, P., Duarte, A. C., Vale, C., ... & Pereira, E. (2017). A macroalgae-based biotechnology for water remediation: simultaneous removal of Cd, Pb and Hg by living Ulva lactuca. Journal of environmental management, 191, 275-289.
[26] Guo, X., Du, B., Wei, Q., Yang, J., Hu, L., Yan, L., & Xu, W. (2014). Synthesis of amino functionalized magnetic graphenes composite material and its application to remove Cr (VI), Pb (II), Hg (II), Cd (II) and Ni (II) from contaminated water. Journal of hazardous materials, 278, 211-220.