Biosynthesis, Characterization and Application of Palladium Nanoparticles in Mizoroki–Heck Coupling

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Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Ayatollah Boroujerdi University, Boroujerd, Iran

2 Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University (PNU), Tehran, Iran

3 Applied Chemistry Department, Faculty of Gas and Petroleum, Yasouj University, Gachsaran, Iran

4 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Basic Science, Ayatollah Boroujerdi University, Boroujerd, Iran

Abstract

Palladium nanoparticles (Pd NPs) have been successfully biosynthesized via biogenic production using starting materials of Palladium (II) chloride (PdCl2) and bio-reductant Allium jesdianum leaf extract (A.J.L extract) as a green and straightforward technique in aqueous solution without any external agent. Leaf extracts are a rich source of phytochemicals such as polyols, polyphenols, sugars, flavonoids, and heterocyclic components, which function as capping, reducing, and stabilizing agents in the reductive process of Palladium (II) ions to Pd NPs under in-situ conditions. The as-synthesized palladium nanostructures were characterized by UV-visible spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to confirm and study the morphological properties of the bio-produced palladium nanoparticles. FESEM and TEM analysis demonstrated the formation of spherically shaped Pd NPs with a diameter in the range of 10-59 nm. The Mizoroki-Heck cross-coupling reaction was used to investigate the catalytic activity of biosynthesized palladium nanoparticles. The reactions of various aryl halides with n-butyl acrylate were conducted under aerobic and solvent-free conditions, resulting in high yields of the desired products. The nanoparticles were isolated without requiring a complex or lengthy workup process. Furthermore, the nano-catalyst was easily recycled via simple filtration and reused successfully for six consecutive runs.

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Applied Chemistry Today

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript
Available Online from 02 September 2025

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