Synthesis of NiO nanoparticle and application of its in the preparation of electrochemical sensor for voltammetric determination of Nalbuphine

In this study we report synthesis and application of NiO nanoparticle (NiO/NPs) carbon paste electrode (NiO/NPs/CPE) as high sensitive sensors for voltammetric determination of Nalbuphine (NB). The NiO/NPs was characterized with different methods such as SEM and XRD. The cyclic voltammogram showed an irreversible oxidation peak at 0.57 V (vs. Ag/AgClsat), which corresponded to the oxidation of NB. Compared to common carbon paste electrode, the electrochemical response was greatly improved. The electro-oxidation of NB occurred in a pH-dependent 1e− and 1H+ process, and the electrode reaction followed a diffusion-controlled pathway. Under the optimum conditions, the voltammetric oxidation peak current of NB showed linear dynamic ranges with a detection limit of 0.5 μM for NB. The novel sensor has been found selective and successfully implemented for the determination of NB in water, serum and urine samples.