شیمى کاربردى روز

شیمى کاربردى روز

پیش تغلیظ و تعیین کارآمد فلزات سمی با استفاده از روش میکرواستخراج مایع-مایع پشت سرهم با کمک هوا با حلال یوتکتیک عمیق به عنوان یک محیط جدید و دوست دار محیط زیست در نمونه های بیولوژیکی و آبی

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان
گروه شیمی تجزیه، دانشکده شیمی، دانشگاه سمنان، سمنان، ایران
چکیده
در این تحقیق، ما یک محیط استخراجی جدید با عنوان حلال یوتکتیک عمیق حاوی کولین کلرید و الکل سینامیل ارائه می‌دهیم که دارای خواص منحصر به فردی مانند سنتز ساده و ارزان، سازگاری با محیط زیست و تجزیه پذیری زیستی است. 2-آمینو-5-مرکاپتو-1،3،4-تیادیازول به عنوان عامل کیلیت استفاده شد. سپس، به طور موثر در تکنیک میکرواستخراج مایع-مایع پشت سرهم با کمک هوا یون‌های فلزی سرب و کادمیوم در نمونه‌های بیولوژیکی و آبی که توسط طیف‌سنجی نشری پلاسما-اپتیکال جفت شده القایی دنبال شد، به کار گرفته شد. این روش پیش تغلیظ ایمن، چشمگیر و سریع بر اساس حلال یوتکتیک عمیق مدرن به سرعت و بدون نیاز به واسطه های امولسیفایرعملی بود. بهینه‌سازی آماری مؤثر نتایج متغیرهای پایه توسط طراحی مرکب مرکزی نشان داد که pH فاز پذیرنده 7.00، pH فاز دهنده 2.00، 1175 میکرولیتر حلال پذیرنده و 325 میکرولیتر حلال استخراجی در بالاترین سطح بازیابی‌های استخراجی است. در شرایط بهینه، مشخص شد که ویژگی‌های تحلیلی معتبر به ترتیب برای سرب و کادمیوم عبارتند از: رنج خطی وسیع 0.65-250 و 0.065-250 نانوگرم بر میلی لیتر، حد تشخیص پایین 0.2 و 0.02 نانوگرم بر میلی‌لیتر، و درصد انحراف استاندارد نسبی 2.98% و.2.93% همچنین، بازده استخراجی و فاکتورغنی‌سازی به ترتیب 97-98 درصد و 41.84 درصد بود. این نتایج به اندازه کافی خوب، کارایی قدرتمند روش میکرواستخراج پیشنهادی را برای دستیابی به غنی‌سازی خالص و مناسب ترکیبات فوق‌الذکر در نمونه‌های واقعی بسیار پیچیده تأیید کرد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات

عنوان مقاله English

Efficient pre-concentration and determination of toxic metals utilizing the tandem air-agitated liquid-liquid microextraction method with a deep eutectic solvent as a brand-new and eco-friendly media in biological and water samples

نویسندگان English

Nooshin Ghassab
Maryam Rajabi
Alireza Asghari
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
چکیده English

In this work, we present a novel extracting media named as deep eutectic solvent containing choline chloride and cinnamyl alcohol (ChCl: Cinnamyl alcohol), that has unique properties such as simple and cheap synthesize, eco-friendly, and bio-degradability. 2-amino-5-mercapto-1,3,4-thiadiazole was used as the chelating agent. Then, it was efficiently employed at the technique of Tandem air-agitated liquid-liquid microextraction (TAALLME) of metal ions (Pb2+ and Cd2+) in biological and aqueous samples pursued by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). This secure, impressive, and speedy pre-concentration procedure based on the modern DES was quickly practical with no extra requirement the emulsifier intermediates. Effective statistical optimization of basic variables results by the Central Composite Design (CCD) demonstrated that pH of acceptor phase 7.00, pH of donor phase 2.00, 1175µL of acceptor solvent, and 325µL of extraction solvent be consequented on topmost extraction recoveries. In optimum conditions, the reliable analytical features were found to be: large range of linearity (LDRs) 0.65-250 and 0.065-250 ng mL−1, low limits of detection (LODs) of 0.2 and 0.02 ng mL−1, and rational precision (%RSDs, n=5) of 2.98 and 2.93% for Pb2+ and Cd2+, respectively. Also, recoveries of extraction and enrichment factors were 97-98% and 41.84, respectively. These sufficiently good results confirmed the powerful efficacy of the suggested microextraction technique for achievement to pure and proper enrichment of the aforementioned compounds in highly complex real samples.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Bio-degradable deep eutectic solvent
Tandem air-agitated liquid-liquid microextraction (TAALLME)
Appropriate enrichment
Intricate real samples
toxic metals
inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES)
[1] Rajabi, M., Rezaie, A., & Ghaedi, M. (2015). Simultaneous extraction and preconcentration of some metal ions using eucalyptus-wood based activated carbon modified with silver hydroxide nanoparticles and a chelating agent: optimization by an experimental design. RSC advances5(108), 89204-89217.
[2] Yilmaz, E., Alosmanov, R. M., & Soylak, M. U. S. T. A. F. A. (2015). Magnetic solid phase extraction of lead (II) and cadmium (II) on a magnetic phosphorus-containing polymer (M-PhCP) for their microsampling flame atomic absorption spectrometric determinations. Rsc Advances5(43), 33801-33808.
[3] Kheirandish, S., Ghaedi, M., Dashtian, K., Jannesar, R., Montazerozohori, M., Pourebrahim, F., & Zare, M. A. (2017). Simultaneous removal of Cd (II), Ni (II), Pb (II) and Cu (II) ions via their complexation with HBANSA based on a combined ultrasound-assisted and cloud point adsorption method using CSG-BiPO4/FePO4 as novel adsorbent: FAAS detection and optimization process. Journal of colloid and interface science500, 241-252.
[4] Yilmaz, E., & Soylak, M. (2014). Development a novel supramolecular solvent microextraction procedure for copper in environmental samples and its determination by micro sampling flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Talanta126, 191-195.
[5] Martínez-Rubio, D., Grindlay, G., Llaver, M., Wuilloud, R. G., & Mora, J. (2020). Development of preconcentration strategies for the simultaneous ultratrace determination of As, Cd and Pb in foods by ICP-OES: knotted-reactor vs. dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry35(5), 933-942.
[6] Sánchez, R., Todolí, J. L., Lienemann, C. P., & Mermet, J. M. (2012). Universal calibration for metal determination in fuels and biofuels by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry based on segmented flow injection and a 350 C heated chamber. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry27(6), 937-945.
[7] Yamini, Y., Seidi, S., & Rezazadeh, M. (2014). Electrical field-induced extraction and separation techniques: promising trends in analytical chemistry–a review. Analytica chimica acta814, 1-22.
[8] Yan, H., & Wang, H. (2013). Recent development and applications of dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction. Journal of Chromatography A1295, 1-15.
 [9] Bazregar, M., Rajabi, M., Yamini, Y., & Asghari, A. (2015). In-tube electro-membrane extraction with a sub-microliter organic solvent consumption as an efficient technique for synthetic food dyes determination in foodstuff samples. Journal of Chromatography A1410, 35-43.
[10] Jain, R., & Singh, R. (2016). Applications of dispersive liquid–liquid micro-extraction in forensic toxicology. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry75, 227-237.
[11] Mansour, F. R., & Khairy, M. A. (2017). Pharmaceutical and biomedical applications of dispersive liquid liquid microextraction. Journal of Chromatography B1061, 382-391.
[12] Seidi, S., Yamini, Y., & Rezazadeh, M. (2013). Combination of electromembrane extraction with dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatographic analysis as a fast and sensitive technique for determination of tricyclic antidepressants. Journal of Chromatography B913, 138-146.
[13] Liu, B., Yan, H., Qiao, F., & Geng, Y. (2011). Determination of clenbuterol in porcine tissues using solid-phase extraction combined with ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and HPLC–UV detection. Journal of chromatography B879(1), 90-94.
[14] Ebrahimzadeh, H., Abedi, H., Yamini, Y., & Adlnasab, L. (2010). Molecular‐imprinted polymer extraction combined with dispersive liquid–liquid micro‐extractionfor ultra‐preconcentration of mononitrotoluene. Journal of separation science33(23‐24), 3759-3766. [15] Jowkarderis, M., & Raofie, F. (2012). Optimization of supercritical fluid extraction combined with dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction as an efficient sample preparation method for determination of 4-nitrotoluene and 3-nitrotoluene in a complex matrix. Talanta88, 50-53.
[16] Rezaee, M., Yamini, Y., & Faraji, M. (2010). Evolution of dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction method. Journal of Chromatography A1217(16), 2342-2357.
[17] Bazregar, M., Rajabi, M., Yamini, Y., Asghari, A., & Hemmati, M. (2016). Tandem air-agitated liquid–liquid microextraction as an efficient method for determination of acidic drugs in complicated matrices. Analytica Chimica Acta917, 44-52.
[18] Rajabi, M., Haji-Esfandiari, S., Barfi, B., & Ghanbari, H. (2014). Ultrasound-assisted temperature-controlled ionic-liquid dispersive liquid-phase microextraction method for simultaneous determination of anethole, estragole, and para-anisaldehyde in different plant extracts and human urine: a comparative study. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry406, 4501-4512.
[19] Barfi, B., Asghari, A., Rajabi, M., & Sabzalian, S. (2015). Organic solvent-free air-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction for optimized extraction of illegal azo-based dyes and their main metabolite from spices, cosmetics and human bio-fluid samples in one step. Journal of chromatography B998, 15-25.
[20] Rajabi, M., Ghanbari, H., Barfi, B., Asghari, A., & Haji-Esfandiari, S. (2014). Ionic liquid-based ultrasound-assisted surfactant-emulsified microextraction for simultaneous determination of three important flavoring compounds in plant extracts and urine samples. Food research international62, 761-770.
[21] Rajabi, M., Asemipour, S., Barfi, B., Jamali, M. R., & Behzad, M. (2014). Ultrasound-assisted ionic liquid based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction and flame atomic absorption spectrometry of cobalt, copper, and zinc in environmental water samples. Journal of Molecular Liquids194, 166-171.
[22] Berthod, A., Ruiz-Angel, M. J., & Carda-Broch, S. (2018). Recent advances on ionic liquid uses in separation techniques. Journal of Chromatography A1559, 2-16.
[23] An, J., Trujillo-Rodríguez, M. J., Pino, V., & Anderson, J. L. (2017). Non-conventional solvents in liquid phase microextraction and aqueous biphasic systems. Journal of Chromatography A1500, 1-23.
[24] Das, S., Mondal, A., & Balasubramanian, S. (2017). Recent advances in modeling green solvents. Current opinion in green and sustainable chemistry5, 37-43.
[25] Płotka-Wasylka, J., Rutkowska, M., Owczarek, K., Tobiszewski, M., & Namieśnik, J. (2017). Extraction with environmentally friendly solvents. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry91, 12-25.
[26] Hemmati, M., Rajabi, M., & Asghari, A. (2017). A twin purification/enrichment procedure based on two versatile solid/liquid extracting agents for efficient uptake of ultra-trace levels of lorazepam and clonazepam from complex bio-matrices. Journal of Chromatography A1524, 1-12.
[27] Khezeli, T., Daneshfar, A., & Sahraei, R. (2015). Emulsification liquid–liquid microextraction based on deep eutectic solvent: an extraction method for the determination of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and seven polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from water samples. Journal of Chromatography A1425, 25-33.
[28] Moghadam, A. G., Rajabi, M., & Asghari, A. (2018). Efficient and relatively safe emulsification microextraction using a deep eutectic solvent for influential enrichment of trace main anti-depressant drugs from complicated samples. Journal of Chromatography B1072, 50-59.
[29] Yilmaz, E., & Soylak, M. (2016). Ultrasound assisted-deep eutectic solvent based on emulsification liquid phase microextraction combined with microsample injection flame atomic absorption spectrometry for valence speciation of chromium (III/VI) in environmental samples. Talanta160, 680-685.
[30] Arain, M. B., Yilmaz, E., & Soylak, M. (2016). Deep eutectic solvent based ultrasonic assisted liquid phase microextraction for the FAAS determination of cobalt. Journal of Molecular Liquids224, 538-543.
[31] Khezeli, T., Daneshfar, A., & Sahraei, R. (2016). A green ultrasonic-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction based on deep eutectic solvent for the HPLC-UV determination of ferulic, caffeic and cinnamic acid from olive, almond, sesame and cinnamon oil. Talanta150, 577-585.
[32] Karimi, M., Dadfarnia, S., Shabani, A. M. H., Tamaddon, F., & Azadi, D. (2015). Deep eutectic liquid organic salt as a new solvent for liquid-phase microextraction and its application in ligand less extraction and preconcentraion of lead and cadmium in edible oils. Talanta144, 648-654.
[33] Zhang, Y., Li, Z., Wang, H., Xuan, X., & Wang, J. (2016). Efficient separation of phenolic compounds from model oil by the formation of choline derivative-based deep eutectic solvents. Separation and Purification Technology163, 310-318.
[34] Bocca, B., Forte, G., Petrucci, F., Senofonte, O., Violante, N., & Alimonti, A. (2005). Development of methods for the quantification of essential and toxic elements in human biomonitoring. Annali-Istituto Superiore Di Sanita41(2), 165.
[35] Olmedo, P., Pla, A., Hernández, A. F., López-Guarnido, O., Rodrigo, L., & Gil, F. (2010). Validation of a method to quantify chromium, cadmium, manganese, nickel and lead in human whole blood, urine, saliva and hair samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. Analytica Chimica Acta659(1-2), 60-67.
[36] Al Awadeen, M. A., Al Hiyasat, A. S., Massadeh, A. M., & Khader, Y. S. (2014). Determination of selected heavy metal levels in scalp hair and fingernail samples from dental laboratory technicians. J Interdiscipl Med Dent Sci2(5), 1-7.
[37] Hemmati, M., Rajabi, M., & Asghari, A. (2017). Efficient and clean pre-concentration of ultra-trace calcium channel blockers from biological matrices via a hyphenated procedure of two sequential dispersive solid/liquid phase microextractions. Analytica chimica acta960, 138-150.
[38] Rajabi, M., Arghavani-Beydokhti, S., Barfi, B., & Asghari, A. (2017). Dissolvable layered double hydroxide as an efficient nanosorbent for centrifugeless air-agitated dispersive solid-phase extraction of potentially toxic metal ions from bio-fluid samples. Analytica chimica acta957, 1-9.
[39] de Melo Guedes, L. F., Braz, B. F., Freire, A. S., & Santelli, R. E. (2020). Assessing the harmfulness of high-salinity oilfield-produced water related to trace metals using vortex-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. Microchemical Journal155, 104714.
[40] Criado-García, L., & Arce, L. (2016). Extraction of toxic compounds from saliva by magnetic-stirring-assisted micro-solid-phase extraction step followed by headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry. Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry408, 6813-6822.
[41] Sajid, M., Asif, M., & Ihsanullah, I. (2021). Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction of multi-elements in seawater followed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometric analysis and evaluation of its greenness. Microchemical Journal169, 106565.
[42] Smirnova, S. V., Ilin, D. V., & Pletnev, I. V. (2021). Extraction and ICP-OES determination of heavy metals using tetrabutylammonium bromide aqueous biphasic system and oleophilic collector. Talanta221, 121485.
[43] Zawisza, B., Sitko, R., Malicka, E., & Talik, E. (2013). Graphene oxide as a solid sorbent for the preconcentration of cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc and lead prior to determination by energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Analytical Methods5(22), 6425-6430.