نانو پرلیت سولفوریک اسید: یک کاتالیزور ناهمگن اسیدی ارزان برای سنتز 8،1-دی اکسواکتاهیدروزانتن ها و تتراهیدروبنزوزانتن ها تحت شرایط بدون حلال

نوع مقاله : مقاله علمی پژوهشی

نویسندگان

دانشکده شیمی، دانشگاه سمنان، سمنان، ایران

چکیده

نانو پرلیت سولفوریک  اسید (n-PeSA) به عنوان یک نانوکاتالیست جامد اسیدی قدرتمند ارزان به طور موفقیت آمیز برای سنتز کارآمد و سبز  8،1-دی اکسواکتاهیدروزانتن ها و تتراهیدروبنزوزانتن ها تحت شرایط بدون حلال با عملکرد بسیار عالی استفاده می شود. این روش جدید مزایای بسیاری از جمله سهولت آماده سازی و حمل و نقل، هزینه کم و سمیت کم کاتالیزور، سازگاری شرایط واکنش با محیط زیست، زمان واکنش کوتاه و عدم وجود هر گونه جداسازی و خالص سازی خسته کننده را ارائه می دهد. کاتالیزور می تواند بازیافت شده و حداقل پنج بار بدون افت قابل ملاحظه در فعالیت کاتالیزوری مورد استفاده مجدد قرار گیرد که این امر تاییدکننده ثبات پیوند کووالانسی از مراکز اسیدی است.

کلیدواژه‌ها


عنوان مقاله [English]

Nano perlite sulfuric acid: an inexpensive heterogeneous acid catalyst for the synthesis of 1,8-dioxo-octahydroxanthenes and tetrahydrobenzoxanthenes under solvent-free conditions

نویسندگان [English]

  • Maliheh M. Hosseini
  • Eskandar Kolvari
  • Mitra Vahidian
  • Reza Bagheri
چکیده [English]

Nano perlite sulfuric acid (n-PeSA) as an inexpensive powerful solid acid nanocatalyst has been successfully applied for the efficient and green synthesis of 1,8-dioxo-octahydroxanthenes and tetrahydrobenzoxanthenes under solvent free condition in excellent yield. These new procedures offer many advantages including ease of preparation and handling, low cost and low toxicity of catalyst, environmental friendliness reaction conditions, short reaction time and absence of any tedious workup or purification .Furthermore, the catalyst could be recycled and reused at least five times without appreciable deterioration in catalytic activity, confirming the stability of the covalent bonding of acidic centers.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Nano perlite sulfuric acid
  • 1
  • 8-dioxo-octahydroxanthenes
  • tetrahydrobenzoxanthenes
  • Green chemistry
  • Recyclability

                                                                  Journal   of Applied Chemistry           

Nano perlite sulfuric acid: an inexpensive heterogeneous acid catalyst for the synthesis of 1,8-dioxo-octahydroxanthenes and tetrahydrobenzoxanthenes under solvent-free conditions

Maliheh M. Hosseini, Eskandar Kolvari,* Mitra   Vahidian, Reza Bagheri

Department of Chemistry, Semnan University

Article   history:

Received:6/Jun/2014  

Received   in revised form: 10/Jul/2014 

Accepted:   25/Jul/2014

Abstract

Nano   perlite sulfuric acid (n-PeSA) as an inexpensive powerful solid acid   nanocatalyst has been successfully applied for the efficient and green   synthesis of 1,8-dioxo-octahydroxanthenes and tetrahydrobenzoxanthenes under   solvent free condition in excellent yield. These new procedures offer many   advantages including ease of preparation and handling, low cost and low   toxicity of catalyst, environmental friendliness reaction conditions, short   reaction time and absence of any tedious workup or purification   .Furthermore, the catalyst could be recycled and reused at least five   times without appreciable deterioration in catalytic activity, confirming the   stability of the covalent bonding of acidic centers.

Keywords: Nano perlite   sulfuric acid, 1,8-dioxo-octahydroxanthenes, tetrahydrobenzoxanthenes, green   chemistry, recyclability.

 

 

1. Introduction

 

       
   
   

 

   
   

 *.Corresponding Author: Assistant     Professor, Department of Chemistry, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran; E-mail     address: kolvari@semnan.ac.ir

   
   

 *. Corresponding Author: Assistant Professor, Department of Chemistry,     Semnan University, Semnan, Iran;

   

E-mail address:     kolvari@semnan.ac.ir *. Corresponding     Author: Assistant Professor,     Department of Chemistry, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran;

   

E-mail address:     kolvari@semnan.ac.ir

   

 

   
   

One of the most prominent challenges in modern world is the sufficient and sustainable supply of clean energy [1]. Equipment corrosion, serious environmental contamination through producing a large amount of hazardous wastes and tedious catalyst separation cause that the use of homogeneous acid-catalysis in chemistry is not economical and environmentally friendly. In this respect, heterogeneous acid catalysts were introduced owing to their unique properties such as low toxicity, non-corrosive nature and ease of separation and recovery from the viewpoint of green chemistry [2, 3]. The use of nanomaterial as heterogeneous catalysts is a current topic of research because of their wonderful structural features and high levels of their catalytic activity [4-6].

 

Multi-component reactions (MCRs) along with advantages of efficiency, selectivity, atom economy, and simplicity are arguably one of the most important protocols in organic and medicinal chemistry that have attracted considerable attention in many years [7]. Therefore, synthesis of heterocyclic compounds through multicomponent reactions via environmentally benign procedures and utilizing green reusable catalysts is a prominent subject of interest [8]. Xanthenes and benzoxanthenes are noteworthy biologically active heterocyclic compounds along with a broad range of biological activities such as antibacterial, antiviral, antidepressant and anti-inflammatory [9-12]. Additionally, they have been widely used as dyes, photodynamic therapy, laser technologies and pH sensitive fluorescent materials [13-16]. Several synthetic methods have been reported up to now for the preparation of xanthenes derivatives through multicomponent condensation reaction of aryl aldehydes and dimedone for the synthesis of 1,8-dioxo-octahydroxanthenes and condensation of aryl aldehydes, dimedone and β-naphtoles for the synthesis of tetrahydrobenzo xanthenes [17-20]. However, the discovery of efficient, green and simple methods for the preparation of these compounds is of prime interest. Recently, we have introduced perlite sulfuric acid (PeSA) as an efficient and inexpensive heterogeneous solid acid catalyst for the promotion of a wide range of organic reactions [21]. The ease of handling, ease of preparation, low cost, low toxicity and recyclability are the main superiorities of this catalyst.

Considering the above facts and in continuing our efforts towards the development of efficient and environmentally benign heterogeneous catalysts in organic transformations [22-26], we now wish to report nano perlite sulfuric acid can be catalyzed efficient and green synthesis of 1,8-dioxo-octahydroxanthenes and tetrahydrobenzoxanthenes under mild and eco-friendly conditions. Mild reaction conditions, short reaction times, simple work-up procedures and ease of purification, are the main superiorities of this procedure.

2. Experimental procedure

 2. 1. Materials and Methods

Chemical materials and solvents were purchased from Merck and Aldrich chemical companies. n-PeSA nanoparticles were dispersed in water and the sizes and morphology of the particles was determined using TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy) analysis on a Philips – CM300 - 150 KV microscope. 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectra were measured in pure deuteriated chloroform on a Bruker Avance 300 MHz instruments (1H NMR 300 MHz). The chemical shifts are raised in parts per million (ppm) and tetramethylsilane (TMS) was used as an internal reference. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was recorded using KBr pressed powder discs on a Shimadzu 8400s spectrometer. Melting points were designated using a THERMO SCIENTIFIC 9100 apparatus. The progress of reactions and the purity of products were evaluated by thin layer chromatography (TLC) on glass plates coated with silica gel 60 F254 using hexane/ethyl acetate mixture as mobile phase.

2.2. Preparation of n-PeSA

A suction flask charged with 1.0 g of perlite and dry CH2Cl2 (20 ml) equipped with a invariant-pressure dropping funnel comprising chlorosulfonic acid (0.3856 g, 3.3 mmol) and a gas inlet tube for transferring HCl gas toward an adsorbing solution (i.e., water) was used. Then chlorosulfonic acid was added dropwise over a period of 30 min in an ice bath. HCl gas immediately evolved from the reaction vessel followed by stirring at room temperature for 1 hour to complete removal of HCl. After that, the CH2Cl2 was decanted and the white solid powder was washed with water (10 mL) and dried at 100 ˚C. In this step, n-PeSA (1.44 g) was collected as a white solid powder [21].

The mmol of H+ per gram of catalyst was also evaluated by acid-base titration of the suspension of the 1g of n-PeSA dispersed in 20 ml H2O with standard NaOH solution (0.08 N). The amounts of acidic protons found to be 3.8 mmol.g-1 of n-PeSA.

2.3. General procedure for synthesis of 1,8-dioxo-octahydroxanthene derivatives

In a typical experimental reaction procedure, aromatic aldehyde (1 mmol), dimedone (2 mmol) and n-PeSA (0.026g, 10 mol%) were taken in a 10 mL round-bottomed flask, the resulting mixture was stirred under solvent-free condition at 110 ˚C for an appropriate time. After the completion of the reaction (monitored by TLC), the reaction mixture was eluted with hot ethanol (5 mL) and was centrifuged to filter the catalyst. Then, solid products were obtained by recrystallization of ethanol solution.

2.4. General procedure for synthesis of tetrahydrobenzoxanthene derivatives

In a typical experimental reaction procedure, aromatic aldehyde (1 mmol), dimedone (1 mmol), β-naphtol (1 mmol) and n-PeSA (0.013g, 5 mol%) were taken in a 10 mL round-bottomed flask, the resulting mixture was stirred under solvent-free condition at 80 ˚C for an appropriate time. After the completion of the reaction (monitored by TLC), the reaction mixture was eluted with hot ethanol (5 mL) and was centrifuged to filter the catalyst. Then, solid products were obtained by recrystallization of ethanol solution.

3. Results and discussion

Considering our research toward evaluating the catalytic activity of PeSA as an inexpensive and environmentally catalyst for the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds [21], in this work we have investigated the performance of this nanocatalyst in the synthesis of 1,8-dioxo-octahydroxanthenes and tetrahydrobenzoxanthene under solvent-free conditions. The catalyst was already characterized by the thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), FT-IR spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and the acid strength of n-PeSA was determined by the Hammett acidic function too. The shape and size of the particles is determined by TEM analysis.

3.1 TEM analysis of catalyst

Figs. 1a-d show TEM images of nano-perlite sulfuric acid (n-PeSA). The average particle size and the layer thickness were carried out using image software. The images show layer structures along with spherical fine perlite particles on them which are formed by the reaction of perlite with chlorosulfonic acid. It is evident from Fig. 1a and d that the morphology size and distribution of the particles located on the layer are almost homogeneous. As could be seen from Fig. 4b, the layer thickness size is 10-20 nm and the particles diameter sizes are about 50-60 nm according to the Fig. 4d.

3.2 Catalytic activity of nano perlite sulfuric acid in one-pot multicomponent reactions

After characterization, catalytic activity of the nanocatalyst was examined for the one-pot synthesis of 1,8-dioxo-octahydroxanthene and tetrahydrobenzoxanthene derivatives. Final compounds

 

Figure 1. TEM images of n-PeSA.

 

were well characterized by spectral data and compared with their physical data with the literature.

3.2.1 Synthesis of 1,8-dioxo-octahydroxanthene derivatives

In order to establish the best reaction conditions with respect to catalytic efficiency of n-PeSA for the synthesis of 1,8-dioxo-octahydroxanthenes, the reaction of benzaldehyde 1 (1 mmol) and dimedone 2 (2 mmol) in different sets of reaction conditions was used as a model reaction (Scheme 1). We investigated the effects of various amounts of catalyst, different solvents and temperatures on the model reaction yields (Table 1). To select an appropriate amount of catalyst on the catalytic performance, the reaction was optimized by varying the amount of catalyst (Table 1, entries 1-5). Therefore, it was found that the use of 10 mol% of the catalyst was sufficient to promote the reaction. (Table 1, entry 3). The usage of larger amounts of nanocatalyst did not have any dramatic effect on the product yield of reaction. The results show clearly that catalyst is effective for this reaction and in the absence of it, the reaction did not occur in any way (Table 1, entry 1). The reaction was also carried out in MeOH, EtOH, CH3CN, and water to examine the solvent effect, (Table 1, entry 6-9). As can be seen the reaction proceeded under solvent-free condition to generate the corresponding product in excellent yields in short reaction time in comparison with solvent conditions (Table 1, entry 3). To find out the best operative reaction temperature, the same reaction in the presence of 10 mol% of catalyst was carried out at different temperatures (60, 90, 110, 140 ˚C) in the presence of 10 mol% of n-PeSA under solvent-free conditions to appraisement the effect of temperature on the reaction yield (Table 1, entries 3, 10–12) and the best results were obtained at 110 ˚C.

Based on the optimized reaction conditions, in order to explore the scope and generality of this protocol, a series of aromatic aldehydes with the electron-donating and electron withdrawing groups were reacted with dimedone under the optimized conditions (Scheme 1). As is observable, by using this catalyst, the aromatic aldehydes containing both electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups afforded the corresponding 1,8-dioxo-octahydroxanthenes 3 with excellent yield (Table 2, entries 1–17).

 

Scheme1. Synthesis of 1,8-octahydroxanthenes using of n-PeSA

Physical and spectroscopic data for selected compounds

9-(4-chlorophenyl)-3,3,6,6-tetramethyl-3,4,5,6,7,9-hexahydro-1H-xanthene-1,8(2H)-dione (3f): 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm): 6.07 (q, 4H), 3.58 (S, 1H), 1.34 (S, 4 H), 1.06 (q, 4 H), 0.14 (S, 6 H), 0.03 (S, 6 H). 13C NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm): 27.25, 29.27, 31.47, 32.19, 40.78, 50.68, 115.17, 115.20, 128.17, 129.79, 131.93, 142.78, 162.54. FT-IR (KBr) cm-1: 2951, 1660, 1512, 1373, 1333, 1218, 1191, 1135, 1008, 832, 733.

3,3,6,6-tetramethyl-9-(p-tolyl)-3,4,5,6,7,9-hexahydro-1H-xanthene-1,8(2H)-dione (3i): 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm): 7.16-7.26 (m, 2H), 7.005-7.025 (d, 2H), 4.70 (S, 1H), 2.17-2.45 (m, 4H), 2.13 (S, 3H), 1.66-1.72(m, 4 H), 1.095 (S, 6 H), 0.99 (S, 6 H). FT-IR (KBr) cm-1: 2958, 1664, 1620, 1512, 1373, 1333, 1200, 1160, 1020, 853.

3,3,6,6-tetramethyl-9-(4-nitrophenyl)-3,4,5,6,7,9-hexahydro-1H-xanthene-1,8(2H)-dione (3k): 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm): 8.10-8.11 (m, 2H), 7.47-7.49 (m, 2H), 4.62 (s, 1H), 2.50 (m, 4H), 2.24-2.28 (d, 2H), 2.15-2.17 (d, 2H), 1.12 (s, 6H), 0.99 (s, 6H). 13C NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm): 27.26, 28.46, 28.96, 32.07, 40.79, 50.59, 114.19, 124.59, 127.14, 132.07, 138.17, 149.77, 163.06, 196.37. FT-IR (KBr) cm-1: 2958, 1662, 1614, 1532, 1514, 1361, 1201, 1196, 1160, 1136.

9-(4-bromophenyl)-3,3,6,6-tetramethyl-3,4,5,6,7,9-hexahydro-1H-xanthene-1,8(2H)-dione (3m): 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm): 7.32-7.34 (d, 2H), 7.16-7.29 (t, 2H), 4.69 (S, 1H), 2.46 (S, 4 H), 2.14-2.25 (q, 4 H), 1.10 (S, 6 H),0.98 (S, 6 H). 13C NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm): 27.27, 29.28, 31.57, 32.11, 32.18, 40.71, 40.77, 50.68, 115.00, 115.07, 120.15, 130.21, 131.01, 143.32, 162.57, 169.37. FT-IR (KBr) cm-1: 2951, 1660, 1512, 1373, 1333, 1218, 1191, 1135, 1008, 832, 733.

9-(3-chlorophenyl)-3,3,6,6-tetramethyl-3,4,5,6,7,9-hexahydro-1H-xanthene-1,8(2H)-dione (3p): 1H NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm): 6.01 (m, 4H), 3.59 (S, 1H), 1.32 (S, 4 H), 1.07 (q, 4 H), 0.12 (S, 6 H), 0.02 (S, 6 H). 13C NMR (CDCl3) δ (ppm): 27.33, 29.21, 31.73, 32.21, 40.79, 50.69, 115.02, 126.59, 126.89, 128.40, 129.23, 133.80, 146.16, 162.65, 196.31. FT-IR (KBr) cm-1: 2951, 1660, 1512, 1373, 1333, 1218, 1191, 1135, 1008, 832, 733.

3.2.2 Synthesis of tetrahydrobenzoxanthene derivatives

The as-prepared n-PeSA has been tested as catalyst for the synthesis of 12-aryl-tetrahydrobenzo[a]xanthene-11-one derivatives by condensation of aromatic aldehydes 1 (1 mmol) with β-naphthol 4 (1 mmol) and dimedone 2 (1 mmol) under optimal conditions (5 mol% of catalyst at 80 ˚C under solvent-free condition) (Scheme 2). The obtained results showed the efficiency of this method in the synthesis of 12-aryl-tetrahydrobenzo[a]xanthene-11-ones 5 (Table 3, entries 1-16).

 

Scheme 2. Synthesis of 12-aryl-tetrahydrobenzo[a]xanthene-11-ones using n-PeSA

 

 

Table 1. Optimization of synthesis of 1,8-octahydroxanthenesa

Entry

Solvent

Condition

Amount of Catalyst (mol   %)

Time (min)

Yield (%)b

1

Solvent-free

110 ˚C

-

30

trace

2

Solvent-free

110 ˚C

5

30

80

3

Solvent-free

110 ˚C

10

10

98

4

Solvent-free

110 ˚C

15

10

92

5

Solvent-free

110 ˚C

20

10

83

6

H2O

Reflux

10

30

76

7

CH3CN

Reflux

10

30

79

8

MeOH

Reflux

10

30

82

9

EtOH

Reflux

10

30

86

10

Solvent-free

60 ˚C

10

30

83

11

Solvent-free

90 ˚C

10

30

85

12

Solvent-free

140 ˚C

10

10

98

a Reaction condition: benzaldehyde (1 mmol), dimedone (2 mmol). b Isolated yields

 

Table 2. n-PeSA-catalyzed one-pot synthesis of 1,8-octahydroxanthenesa

Entry

Ar

Product

Time (min)

Yieldb (%)

mp (˚C)

Found

Reported (ref.)

1

Ph

3a

10

98

203-204

203-205[27]

2

2-O2NC6H4

3b

20

91

255-257

256-257[27]

3

2-MeOC6H4

3c

50

85

208-211

209-210[28]

4

2-ClC6H4

3d

18

96

227-229

226-228[27]

5

2,6-(Cl)2C6H3

3e

35

82

318-320

319-320[29]

6

4-ClC6H4

3f

10

98

228-230

227-229[28]

7

4-HOC6H4

3g

30

90

246-248

246-247[30]

8

4-MeOC6H4

3h

45

88

243-245

243-245[28]

9

4-MeC6H4

3i

22

93

215-217

216-217[30]

10

4-(CH3)2NC6H4

3j

53

79

220-224

222-225[31]

11

4-O2NC6H4

3k

8

96

225-226

223-224[28]

12

4-FC6H4

3l

5

98

258-260

259-260[28]

13

4-BrC6H4

3m

7

97

238-241

239-240[29]

14

3-O2NC6H4

3n

16

89

172-175

173-174[27]

15

3-HOC6H4

3o

19

86

215-216

214-215[29]

16

3-ClC6H4

3p

17

88

193-195

192-193[27]

17

3,4-(MeO)2C6H3

3q

60

80

175-177

176-177[29]

aReaction condition aromatic aldehyde (1 mmol), dimedone (2 mmol), n-PeSA  (10 mol%), solvent-free, 110 ˚C. b Isolated yields

 

Table 3. n-PeSA-catalyzed one-pot synthesis of 12-aryl-tetrahydrobenzo[a]xanthene-11-onesa

Entry

Ar

Product

Time (min)

Yield (%)

mp (˚C)

Found

Reported (ref.)

1

Ph

5a

60

96

149-151

148-150[32]

2

2-O2NC6H4

5b

40

80

222-224

222-224[32]

3

2-OH C6H4

5c

10

80

226-228

227-228[33]

4

2-ClC6H4

5d

35

92

178-180

178-180[32]

5

4-ClC6H4

5e

50

94

178-179

178-179[34]

6

4-HOC6H4

5f

40

82

221-222

220-222[32]

7

4-MeOC6H4

5g

30

84

204-205

202-204[32]

8

4-MeC6H4

5h

60

89

174-176

175-176[32]

9

4-O2NC6H4

5i

70

86

176-178

176-178[32]

10

4-(CH3)2CHC6H4

5j

30

85

215-217

215-216[28]

11

4-FC6H4

5k

30

95

184-186

185-186[35]

12

4-BrC6H4

5l

50

95

184-185

184-186[32]

13

3-HOC6H4

5m

40

85

238-240

238-240[34]

14

3,4-(MeO)2C6H3

5n

20

98

202-204

201-204[36]

15

3-O2NC6H4

5o

45

82

170-172

170-172[35]

16

3-OEt-4-OHC6H3

5p

60

85

203-205

-

aReaction condition aromatic aldehyde (1 mmol), dimedone (1 mmol), β-naphtole (1 mmol), n-PeSA (5 mol%), solvent-free, 80 ˚C. b Isolated yields

 

Scheme 3. A plausible mechanism for the synthesis of xanthene derivatives in the presence of n-PeSA under solvent-free conditions

 

Physical and spectroscopic data for selected compounds

12-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-9,9-dimethyl-8,9,10,12-tetrahydro-11H-benzo[a]xanthen-11-one (5c): 1H NMR (CDCl3-d) δ (ppm): 6.58-7.78 (m, 12H), 5.76 (s, 1H), 2.59 (s, 2H), 2.34-2.43 (m, 2H), 1.14 (s, 3H), 0.98 (s, 3H). FT-IR (KBr) cm-1: 3200, 2950, 1631, 1593, 1532, 1232, 1196, 1160, 1135, 835, 738.

12-(3-ethoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-9,9-dimethyl-8,9,10,12-tetrahydro-11H-benzo[a]xanthen-11-one (5p): 1H NMR (CDCl3-d) δ (ppm): 6.6-7.98 (m, 11H), 5.62 (s, 1H), 5.56 (s, 1H), 4 (m, 2H), 2.5 (s, 2H), 2.22-2.31 (d.d, 2H), 1.33-1.37 (t, 3H), 1.09 (s, 3H), 0.96 (s, 3H). FT-IR (KBr) cm-1: 3546, 2950, 1643, 1595, 1532, 1226, 1196, 1160, 1135, 835, 738.

Entry

tetrahydrobenzo[a]xanthene-11-ones

Catalysts

Condition

Time (min)

Yeild (%)

1

n-WSA[30]

Solvent-free/ 100 ˚C

70

92

2

TCCA[37]

Solvent-free/ 110 ˚C

40

80

3

Ce(SO4)2.4H2O[35]

Solvent-free/ 120 ˚C

15

91

4

P-TSAa[38]

[bmim]BF4/ 80 ˚C

180

90

5

Sr(OTf)2

CH2Cl2/80 ˚C

300

85

6

n-PeSA

Solvent-free/ 80 ˚C

60

96

From a mechanistic point of view, aromatic aldehyde is first activated by n-PeSA and the carbonyl carbon is attacked by the nucleophilic dimedone to form the Knoevenagel products (I). The Subsequent Michael addition of dimedone or β-naphthol to I, gives the acyclic adduct intermediate, which undergoes intramolecular cyclization with participation of two hydroxyl groups to give the corresponding products 3 and 5 (Scheme 3).

The efficiency of n-PeSA for the synthesis of 1,8-dioxo-octahydroxanthenes and 12-aryl-tetrahydrobenzo[a]xanthene-11-ones was compared with some other published works in literature (Table 4 and 5). As can be seen in these tables, the present nanocatalyst was found to be the more efficient catalyst among all of the catalysts in these reactions with respect to reaction condition, time and yield.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 4. Comparing the efficiency of n-PeSA with some different reported catalysts for the synthesis of 1,8-dioxo-octahydroxanthenes

Entry

 

1,8-dioxo-octahydroxanthenes

Catalysts

Condition

Time (min)

Yeild (%)

1

n-WSAa[30]

Solvent-free/ 100 ˚C

85

91

2

TCCAb[37]

Solvent-free/ 110 ˚C

20

86

3

SSAc[39]

Solvent-free/ 80 ˚C

60

97

4

CSAd[40]

Solvent-free/ 110 ˚C

300

94

5

PSAe[41]

Solvent-free/ 80 ˚C

50

86

6

n-PeSA

Solvent-free/ 110 ˚C

10

98

aNano-WO3-supported sulfonic acid. b1,3,5-trichloro-2,4,6-triazinetrion (trichloroisocyanuric acid). cSilica sulfuric acid. dCellulose sulfuric acid. ePhospho sulfonic acid

 

Table 5. Comparing the efficiency of n-PeSA with some different reported catalysts for the synthesis of tetrahydrobenzo[a]xanthene-11-ones

ap-toluenesulfonic acid

 

3.3 Reusability of the catalyst

The recovery and reuse of catalyst without loss of activity is one of the most important advantages of heterogeneous catalyst from the viewpoint of atom economy and green chemistry. In this regard, reusability of this nanocatalyst was evaluated in the one-pot synthesis of 1,8-octahydroxanthenes under optimized conditions. After completing the reaction, n-PeSA was recovered from the reaction mixture via centrifuge, washed with hot ethanol and water to ensure the organic reagents do not remain on the surface of nanocatalyst and dried in oven at 110 ˚C and was reused for another batch of the reaction. The results of six consecutive runs showed that the catalyst can be reused 5 times without any appreciable loss of its activity suggesting that the nature of the catalyst remains intact after each run.

 

Figure 2. Reusability of n-PeSA in the one-pot synthesis of 1,8-octahydroxanthenes

 

4. Conclusion

To sum up, nano perlite sulfuric acid (n-PeSA) as an efficient and powerful nanocatalyst for the one-pot synthesis of 1,8-octahydroxanthenes and 12-aryl-tetrahydrobenzo[a]xanthene-11-ones was presented for the first time. Furthermore, the application of n-PeSA as a highly efficient, inexpensive, accessible and eco-friendly catalyst makes all process more industrially and economical important. In addition, good yields, short reaction times, low-cost, solvent-free conditions and a recyclable catalyst lead toward the green chemistry.

 

Acknowledgments

The authors are thankful to the Semnan University research council for the partial support of this work.

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[1] A. Midilli, I. Dincer, M. Ay, Energ Policy, 34 (2006) 3623-3633.
[2] N. Mizuno, M. Misono, Chem. Rev., 98 (1998) 199-218.
[3] E. Lotero, Y. Liu, D.E. Lopez, K. Suwannakarn, D.A. Bruce, J.G. Goodwin, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res, 44 (2005) 5353-5363.
[4] D. Astruc, F. Lu, J.R. Aranzaes, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., 44 (2005) 7852-7872.
[5] A. Schätz, O. Reiser, W.J. Stark, Chem. Eur. J       16 (2010) 8950-8967.
[6] A.T. Bell, Science, 299 (2003) 1688-1691.
[7] L. Weber, Drug Discov Today, 7 (2002) 143-147.
[8] D.M. D'Souza, T.J. Mueller, Chem. Soc. Rev, 36 (2007) 1095-1108.
[9] K. Chibale, M. Visser, D. van Schalkwyk, P.J. Smith, A. Saravanamuthu, A.H. Fairlamb, Tetrahedron, 59 (2003) 2289-2296.
[10] C.G. Knight, T. Stephens, Biochem. J, 258 (1989) 683-687.
[11] M.A. Pasha, V.P. Jayashankara, Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett, 17 (2007) 621-623.
[12] A.M. El-Brashy, M.E.-S. Metwally, F.A. El-Sepai, farmaco, 59 (2004) 809-817.
[13] Y. Park, O. Postupna, A. Zhugayevych, H. Shin, Y.-S. Park, B. Kim, H.-J. Yen, P. Cheruku, J. Martinez, J. Park, Chem. Sci., 6 (2015) 789-797.
[14] A. Banerjee, A. Mukherjee, Stain technol, 56 (1981) 83-85.
[15] G. Jori, C. Fabris, M. Soncin, S. Ferro, O. Coppellotti, D. Dei, L. Fantetti, G. Chiti, G. Roncucci, Laser Surg Med, 38 (2006) 468-481.
[16] E. Klimtchuk, M. Rodgers, D. Neckers, J. Phys. Chem. A, 96 (1992) 9817-9820.
[17] M.A. Zolfigol, V. Khakyzadeh, A.R. Moosavi-Zare, A. Zare, S.B. Azimi, Z. Asgari, A. Hasaninejad, Comptes Rendus Chimie, 15 (2012) 719-736.
[18] F. Shirini, A. Yahyazadeh, K. Mohammadi, Chin. Chem. Lett., 25 (2014) 341-347.
[19] F. Shirini, N.G. Khaligh, Dyes Pigm., 95 (2012) 789-794.
[20] S.S. Beigbaghlou, K. Marjani, A. Habibi, S.V. Atghia, RSC Adv., 6 (2016) 20306-20316.
[21] E. Kolvari, N. Koukabi, M.M. Hosseini, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem., 397 (2015) 68-75.
[22] M.M. Hosseini, E. Kolvari, N. Koukabi, M. Ziyaei, M.A. Zolfigol, Catal. Lett., 146 (2016) 1040-1049.
[23] E. Kolvari, N. Koukabi, M.M. Hosseini, M. Vahidian, E. Ghobadi, RSC Adv., 6 (2016) 7419-7425.
[24] E. Kolvari, N. Koukabi, M.M. Hosseini, Z. Khandani, RSC Adv., 5 (2015) 36828-36836.
[25] N. Koukabi, E. Kolvari, A. Khazaei, M.A. Zolfigol, B. Shirmardi-Shaghasemi, H.R. Khavasi, Chem. Commun., 47 (2011) 9230-9232.
[26] N. Koukabi, E. Kolvari, M.A. Zolfigol, A. Khazaei, B.S. Shaghasemi, B. Fasahati, Adv. Synth. Catal. , 354 (2012) 2001-2008.
[27] A. Khazaei, F. Abbasi, A.R. Moosavi-Zare, Res. Chem. Intermed., 42 (2016) 6719-6732.
[28] F. Shirini, M. Abedini, R. Pourhasan, Dyes Pigm.
, 99 (2013) 250-255.
[29] P. Li, F. Ma, P. Wang, Z. Zhang, Chin. J. Chem., 31 (2013) 757-763.
[30] A. Amoozadeh, S. Rahmani, J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem., 396 (2015) 96-107.
[31] M.P. Heravi, J. Iran. Chem. Soc., 6 (2009) 483-488.
[32] D. Fang, J.-m. Yang, Y.-f. Cao, Res. Chem. Intermed., 39 (2013) 1745-1751.
[33] L.P. Mo, H.L. Chen, J. Chin. Chem. Soc., 57 (2010) 157-161.
[34] A.R. Moosavi-Zare, M.A. Zolfigol, M. Zarei, A. Zare, V. Khakyzadeh, J. Mol. Liq., 186 (2013) 63-69.
[35] F. Taghavi-Khorasani, A. Davoodnia, Res. Chem. Intermed., 41 (2015) 2415-2425.
[36] K. Tabatabaeian, A. Khorshidi, M. Mamaghani, A. Dadashi, M.K. Jalali, Can. J. Chem., 89 (2011) 623-627.
[37] B. Maleki, M. Gholizadeh, Z. Sepehr, Bull. Korean Chem. Soc, 32 (2011) 1697-1702.
[38] J.M. Khurana, D. Magoo, Tetrahedron Lett., 50 (2009) 4777-4780.
[39] M. Seyyedhamzeh, P. Mirzaei, A. Bazgir, Dyes Pigm.
, 76 (2008) 836-839.
[40] H.A. Oskooie, L. Tahershamsi, M.M. Heravi, B. Baghernejad, J. Chem., 7 (2010) 717-720.
[41] S. Rezayati, Z. Erfani, R. Hajinasiri, Chem. Pap., 69 (2015) 536-543.